- Spontaneously ventilating patient
- Ventilation via the side port of a ventilating bronchoscope
- Intermittent ventilation ± oxygen insufflation
- Continuous ventilation
- Suffers from a lack of reliable measurement of end-tidal gases and the propensity for hypoxia and hypoventilation
- Jet ventilation, be it manual low-frequency or automated high-frequency
- Mandates use of a TIVA technique
- Apnoeic oxygenation using THRIVE
Tubeless surgery
Tubeless surgery
Resources
- The presence of an endotracheal tube may impair surgical access during head and neck surgery (e.g. posterior tracheal lesion, rigid bronchoscopy )
- Therefore tubeless anaesthesia can be attempted in order to facilitate surgery
- Airway topicalisation using local anaesthetic in the otherwise spontaneously breathing patient
- Volatile anaesthesia (not suitable with jet ventilation)
- TIVA
- Intermittent IV boluses
- Hypoxia
- Hypercarbia
- Barotrauma from jet ventilation and consequent pneumo-thorax, -mediastinum or -pericardium, or subcutaneous emphysema
- Awareness
- Aspiration
- Laryngospasm
- Bronchospasm
- Gastric distension
- Impaired venous return ± other cardiovascular disturbances